Introduction
This document describes the built-in Flow Graph modules of the following categories for compounds:
- Math / Text - Modules that format, parse, join, and transform text values and paths.
- Math / Bytes - Modules that encode, decode, and convert byte sequences to and from numeric and text representations.
Math / Text
This section describes the built-in Flow Graph modules that format, parse, join, and transform text values and paths.
Angle To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats a decimal-degree angle as degrees, minutes, and seconds, with optional fractional seconds and a leading minus for negative angles.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (double precision scalar) - Angle in decimal degrees.
- ⏺ Sec Decimals (integer) - Number of digits after the decimal point in the seconds field (use zero for whole seconds only).
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Text with degree, minute, and second units in the formatter layout.
Array Text Concat
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Walks array-compound mate instances over a selectable index span and joins their text, inserting a separator between kept segments.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ In (text) - The source value
- ⏺ Separator (text) - Separator inserted between segments; escape sequences in this text are decoded.
- ⏺ Skip Empty (logical) - When on, skips instances whose text is empty; when off, keeps every instance (including empty) and applies the usual separator rules.
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - First array-instance index (1-based) in the chain.
- ⏺ Count (integer) - How many consecutive instances from StartIndex are included.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Joined text for the visited instances.
Format Scalars
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Fills one printf-style pattern from up to sixteen wired values in Value1 through Value16 order; validates the pattern, then outputs the text or clears output when validation or formatting fails.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Format (text) - Printf-style pattern; placeholders bind to Value1 through Value16 in order.
- ⏺ Value 1 (double precision scalar) - First argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 2 (double precision scalar) - Second argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 3 (double precision scalar) - Third argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 4 (double precision scalar) - Fourth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 5 (double precision scalar) - Fifth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 6 (double precision scalar) - Sixth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 7 (double precision scalar) - Seventh argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 8 (double precision scalar) - Eighth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 9 (double precision scalar) - Ninth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 10 (double precision scalar) - Tenth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 11 (double precision scalar) - Eleventh argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 12 (double precision scalar) - Twelfth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 13 (double precision scalar) - Thirteenth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 14 (double precision scalar) - Fourteenth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 15 (double precision scalar) - Fifteenth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- ⏺ Value 16 (double precision scalar) - Sixteenth argument bound to the format placeholders in sequence.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Formatted and unescaped text, or empty when validation or printing fails.
Format Vector
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Fills a printf-style pattern from vector components in order, using zero for missing components; outputs the formatted text or clears output when validation or formatting fails.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Vector (vector) - Components bound to format placeholders by index.
- ⏺ Format (text) - Printf-style pattern; each conversion maps to the component at the same placeholder index.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Formatted and unescaped text on success, or empty when the pattern is invalid or printing fails.
Integer To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Converts an integer to digit text in a chosen base, with optional left zero padding and optional upper-case letters for bases above ten.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (integer) - Integer to convert.
- ⏺ Base (integer) - Radix from 2 through 36.
- ⏺ Digits (integer) - Minimum number of digits; pads on the left with zeros when larger than the natural length (zero or unset uses the natural length only).
- ⏺ Upper Case (logical) - When on, uses upper-case letters for digit values ten and above; when off, uses lower-case.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Digit characters for the value in the chosen base.
Path Convert
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Normalizes path text through the file manager as either a project-root-relative path or a full absolute path.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Path (text) - Path text to convert.
- ⏺ As Project (logical) - When on, converts to a path rooted at the project; when off, converts to a full absolute path.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Converted path.
Path Split
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Repairs slashes, then splits the path into drive, directory, file name, and extension using the host path rules.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Path (text) - Path to split.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Drive (text) - Drive or volume prefix.
- ⏺ Directory (text) - Directory part, including any trailing separator the parser emits.
- ⏺ Filename (text) - File name without extension.
- ⏺ Extension (text) - Extension including a leading dot when present.
Scalar To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats one wired numeric value with a validated printf-style pattern containing exactly one placeholder (floating-point or integer-style conversion per specifier), then outputs the text or clears output when validation or formatting fails.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (double precision scalar) - Numeric value passed to the single format conversion.
- ⏺ Format (text) - Printf-style pattern with exactly one conversion specifier.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Formatted and unescaped text, or empty when the pattern is invalid or formatting fails.
Text Case
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Converts the whole text to upper or lower case.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Input text.
- ⏺ Upper (logical) - When on, converts to upper case; when off, converts to lower case.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Text after the case change.
Text Concat
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Joins two text inputs with a separator between them.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ A (text) - First part.
- ⏺ B (text) - Second part.
- ⏺ Separator (text) - Text placed between A and B; escape sequences are decoded.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - A, then the separator, then B.
Text Concat Multi
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Joins sixteen text inputs in fixed pin order using one separator and optional omission of empty inputs.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Separator (text) - Separator inserted between segments; escape sequences are decoded.
- ⏺ Skip Empty (logical) - When on, skips empty inputs; when off, keeps empty inputs and uses the usual separator placement.
- ⏺ Text 1 (text) - First text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 2 (text) - Second text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 3 (text) - Third text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 4 (text) - Fourth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 5 (text) - Fifth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 6 (text) - Sixth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 7 (text) - Seventh text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 8 (text) - Eighth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 9 (text) - Ninth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 10 (text) - Tenth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 11 (text) - Eleventh text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 12 (text) - Twelfth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 13 (text) - Thirteenth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 14 (text) - Fourteenth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 15 (text) - Fifteenth text segment in fixed pin order.
- ⏺ Text 16 (text) - Sixteenth text segment in fixed pin order.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Joined text from Text1 through Text16 in pin order.
Text Contains
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Outputs on when Text contains the Slice substring; comparison follows the case-sensitivity option.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text searched.
- ⏺ Slice (text) - Substring to look for.
- ⏺ Case Sensitive (logical) - When on, containment is case-sensitive; when off, case differences are ignored.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (logical) - On when Slice occurs inside Text; off otherwise.
Text Equal
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Outputs on when two texts match under the chosen case rules.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ A (text) - First text.
- ⏺ B (text) - Second text.
- ⏺ Case Sensitive (logical) - When on, compares with case sensitivity; when off, ignores case differences.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (logical) - On when A and B compare equal.
Text Escape
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Escapes text for C-style or JSON literals, HTML or XML, or URL encoding; optional broader non-ASCII escaping applies in C and HTML modes only.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Source text.
- ⏺ Mode (integer, Text Escape Mode) - Which escaping rules to use.
- ⏺ All Non ASCII (logical) - When on, applies extended escaping to non-ASCII characters in C and HTML modes; has no effect in URL mode.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Escaped text.
Text Length
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Outputs the character count of the text.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text to measure.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (integer) - Number of characters.
Text Not Equal
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Outputs on when two texts differ under the chosen case rules.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ A (text) - First text.
- ⏺ B (text) - Second text.
- ⏺ Case Sensitive (logical) - When on, compares with case sensitivity; when off, ignores case differences.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (logical) - On when A and B are not equal.
Text Replace
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Finds a substring and substitutes replacement text from a chosen occurrence onward, optionally replacing every match, and outputs how many substitutions occurred.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text to search.
- ⏺ What (text) - Substring to find.
- ⏺ To (text) - Replacement text.
- ⏺ All (logical) - When on, replaces every match from the start index onward; when off, replaces at most one match.
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - One-based occurrence index where searching begins.
- ⏺ Case Sensitive (logical) - When on, matching is case-sensitive; when off, case differences are ignored.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Text after substitution.
- ⏺ Count (integer) - Number of replacements performed.
Text Slice
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Treats the text as lines, delimiter-separated items, or fixed-width runs, extracts a contiguous range of items, and reports how many items exist before clamping the range.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Full text to take a slice from.
- ⏺ Separators (text) - Delimiter text for token mode when LineSepar is off; escape sequences are decoded. Leave empty for fixed-width runs using ItemSize.
- ⏺ Multi Separ (logical) - When on, any character from Separators starts a split; when off, the whole Separators string must match.
- ⏺ Line Separ (logical) - When on, items are whole lines (Separators are ignored for splitting); when off, separators or fixed-width slicing apply.
- ⏺ Item Size (integer) - Character width per item in fixed-width mode (at least one).
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - One-based index of the first item to include.
- ⏺ Count (integer) - How many consecutive items to include.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Text spanning the selected items.
- ⏺ Total Count (integer) - Total item count for the active mode before StartIndex and Count are clamped.
Text To Integer
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Parses text as an integer in the chosen base; on failure outputs the fallback and sets the error output.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text to parse.
- ⏺ Base (integer) - Radix from 2 through 36.
- ⏺ Strict Err Chk (logical) - When on, requires a clean parse with no stray characters after the number; when off, allows looser parsing.
- ⏺ Error Value (integer) - Integer output when parsing fails.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (integer) - Parsed integer, or ErrorValue when parsing fails.
- ⏺ Error (logical) - On when parsing fails; off when parsing succeeds.
Text To Scalar
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Parses text as a floating-point value; on failure outputs the fallback and sets the error output.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text to parse.
- ⏺ Strict Err Chk (logical) - When on, uses strict parsing rules; when off, allows looser parsing.
- ⏺ Error Value (double precision scalar) - Numeric output when parsing fails.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (double precision scalar) - Parsed value, or ErrorValue when parsing fails.
- ⏺ Error (logical) - On when parsing fails; off when parsing succeeds.
Text To Time
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Parses text into seconds using the configured media-time layout; outputs zero with error on failure and refreshes when the global base date changes.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Time expression to parse.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Media Time Format Type) - Media-time layout selector for the parser.
- ⏺ Frames Per Second (integer) - Frame rate used when the format involves frames.
- ⏺ Beats Per Minute (integer) - Tempo used when the format is musical.
- ⏺ Beats Per Measure (integer) - Meter numerator used when the format is musical.
- ⏺ Ticks Per Beat (integer) - Tick resolution used when the format is musical.
- ⏺ Date Time Format (text) - strftime-style pattern when the format type uses date-and-time parsing.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (double precision scalar) - Parsed time in seconds on success; zero on failure.
- ⏺ Error (logical) - On when parsing fails; off when parsing succeeds.
Text To Timecode
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Parses timecode text into an integer timecode, and reports parse errors.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Timecode text to parse.
- ⏺ Base (integer) - Frame base (frames per second) used when acting as master; zero selects the arrangement timecode base.
- ⏺ Timecode Master (logical) - When on, overwrites system Master Timecode with the resulting timecode.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (integer) - Parsed timecode value.
- ⏺ Error (logical) - On when parsing fails; off when parsing succeeds.
Text To Vector
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Splits text into fields separated by Separators and builds a vector of single-precision components; supports strict parsing, skipping failed fields or substituting them, and handling empty fields (empty Separators yields an empty vector).
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Text to split into fields.
- ⏺ Separators (text) - Separator characters or string; must be non-empty or the output vector stays empty.
- ⏺ Multi Separ (logical) - When on, any character in Separators starts a new field; when off, the whole Separators string must match.
- ⏺ Strict Err Chk (logical) - When on, parsing uses strict rules; when off, parsing is more permissive.
- ⏺ Skip Error (logical) - When on, drops fields that fail to parse; when off, inserts ErrorValue for failed fields.
- ⏺ Error Value (scalar) - Component written when a field fails to parse and SkipError is off.
- ⏺ Skip Empty (logical) - When on, skips empty fields after trimming; when off, writes EmptyValue for empty fields.
- ⏺ Empty Value (scalar) - Component used for an empty field when SkipEmpty is off.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - One component per retained field in order.
- ⏺ Error (logical) - On when any field fails numeric parsing (including fields dropped when SkipError is on).
Text Trim
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Removes leading whitespace, trailing whitespace, or both.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Input text.
- ⏺ Left (logical) - When on, trims leading whitespace.
- ⏺ Right (logical) - When on, trims trailing whitespace.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Text after trimming.
Text Unescape
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Decodes C-style escapes, HTML or XML entities, or URL escapes according to the selected mode.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Escaped input text.
- ⏺ Mode (integer, Text Escape Mode) - Which decoding rules to apply.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Decoded literal text.
Time To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats a time in seconds as text for the selected media-time layout; invalid date-and-time patterns log once and yield empty output until the pattern changes.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Time (double precision scalar) - Time in seconds.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Media Time Format Type) - Media-time layout (timecode-style, musical, date-and-time, etc.).
- ⏺ Frames Per Second (integer) - Frame rate used by frame-based layouts.
- ⏺ Beats Per Minute (integer) - Tempo used by musical layouts.
- ⏺ Beats Per Measure (integer) - Meter numerator used by musical layouts.
- ⏺ Ticks Per Beat (integer) - Tick resolution used by musical layouts.
- ⏺ Date Time Format (text) - strftime-style pattern when the format type is date-and-time.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Formatted text; for date-and-time layouts, stays empty while the pattern remains invalid after the first failed format attempt.
Timecode To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats an integer timecode as display text, with optional drop-frame notation where supported.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Timecode (integer) - Timecode value to format.
- ⏺ Drop Frame (logical) - When on, uses drop-frame notation when applicable.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Formatted timecode text.
Vector To Text
- Category: Math / Text
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats each vector component with one validated printf-style pattern, joins the segments with a separator, outputs EmptyText for an empty vector, or clears output when an item fails to format.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Vector (vector) - Components formatted in index order.
- ⏺ Item Format (text) - Printf-style pattern with exactly one placeholder, reused for every component.
- ⏺ Separator (text) - Text between formatted items; escape sequences are decoded.
- ⏺ Empty Text (text) - Output used when the vector has no components.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - Joined formatted items, EmptyText when the vector is empty, or empty when validation or per-item formatting fails.
Math / Bytes
This section describes the built-in Flow Graph modules that encode, decode, and convert byte sequences to and from numeric and text representations.
Bytes To Integer
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Reads one packed integer from the byte sequence at StartIndex, using the selected width and byte order.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Bytes (vector) - Binary payload as a vector whose components each store one byte (0–255).
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - First byte position of the integer word to decode.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Integer To Bytes Format) - Integer word size: 8-, 16-, 24-, or 32-bit.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, uses big-endian byte order for the word; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (integer) - The decoded integer.
Bytes To Scalar
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Decodes one packed numeric value from the bytes—half-, single-, or double-precision floats, or 8–64-bit integer storage—and outputs the result as a numeric value.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Bytes (vector) - Binary payload as a vector whose components each store one byte (0–255).
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - First byte position of the value to decode.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Scalar To Bytes Format) - Binary layout: 16-/32-/64-bit IEEE floats, or 8-/16-/24-/32-/64-bit integer words.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, uses big-endian byte order for multi-byte words; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (double precision scalar) - Decoded number: floats are read in their native width; integer words are converted to the output value.
Bytes To Text
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Formats the byte sequence as text: raw characters under a chosen encoding, a hexadecimal dump, or Base64.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Bytes (vector) - Binary payload as a vector whose components each store one byte (0–255).
- ⏺ Dest Format (integer, Text To Bytes Format) - Selects plain text, hexadecimal, or Base64 output.
- ⏺ Text Encoding (integer, Text Exporter Encoding) - Character encoding used when DestFormat is plain text (including wide UTF-16 where two bytes form one character).
- ⏺ Hex Separator (text) - Separator inserted between byte pairs when DestFormat is hexadecimal.
- ⏺ Hex Columns (integer) - How many bytes appear per row in hexadecimal mode (layout width).
- ⏺ Hex Grouping (integer) - Spacing or grouping stride between bytes in hexadecimal mode.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (text) - The resulting text for the chosen format.
Bytes To Vector
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Decodes a run of consecutive values from the bytes—each as 16-bit float, 32-bit float, or 8–32-bit integer—and outputs them as one vector.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Bytes (vector) - Binary payload as a vector whose components each store one byte (0–255).
- ⏺ Start Index (integer) - First byte position of the first decoded value.
- ⏺ Count (integer) - How many values to decode, which sets the output vector length.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Vector To Bytes Format) - Word format applied to every value in the run.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, uses big-endian byte order for each multi-byte word; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - Decoded components stored as floats (integer words are promoted).
Integer To Bytes
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Encodes one integer into a contiguous byte sequence using the selected width and byte order.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (integer) - Integer value to pack.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Integer To Bytes Format) - Word size for the packed integer: 8-, 16-, 24-, or 32-bit.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, writes big-endian byte order; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - Packed bytes as a vector whose components each hold one byte (0–255).
Scalar To Bytes
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Encodes one numeric input into raw bytes using the chosen floating-point or integer binary layout and byte order.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (double precision scalar) - Number to encode (converted per the selected format).
- ⏺ Format (integer, Scalar To Bytes Format) - Binary layout: 16-/32-/64-bit floats, or 8-/16-/24-/32-/64-bit integer words.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, writes big-endian byte order for multi-byte words; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - Packed bytes as a vector whose components each hold one byte (0–255).
Text To Bytes
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Parses text as encoded characters, hexadecimal, or Base64 and outputs the recovered bytes, with an error indicator when decoding does not succeed.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Text (text) - Input text to interpret according to SourceFormat.
- ⏺ Source Format (integer, Text To Bytes Format) - Selects plain text, hexadecimal, or Base64 interpretation.
- ⏺ Text Encoding (integer, Text Exporter Encoding) - Character encoding used when SourceFormat is plain text.
- ⏺ Hex Allow Whitespace (logical) - When on, skips whitespace between hex digits; when off, whitespace is not ignored and decoding fails unless that character is listed in HexSeparators.
- ⏺ Hex Separators (text) - Extra characters allowed as separators between hex digits.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - Recovered binary as a vector whose components each hold one byte (0–255).
- ⏺ Error (logical) - When on, decoding failed or produced no output; when off, Out holds the decoded bytes.
Vector To Bytes
- Category: Math / Bytes
- Access: All editions.
- Function: Encodes each vector component with the same word format and concatenates the results into one continuous byte sequence.
- Input pins:
- ⏺ Value (vector) - Vector whose components are encoded in order.
- ⏺ Format (integer, Vector To Bytes Format) - Word format applied to every component before concatenation.
- ⏺ Big Endian (logical) - When on, writes big-endian byte order for each multi-byte word; when off, little-endian.
- Output pins:
- ⏺ Out (vector) - Concatenated packed bytes as a vector whose components each hold one byte (0–255).